For Nietzsche, a fundamental shift took place during human history from thinking in terms of "good and bad" toward "good and evil. [175] Painter Mark Rothko was influenced by Nietzsche's view of tragedy presented in The Birth of Tragedy. [234], From Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Prologue, §§ 3–4):[235]. Santayana wrote that Nietzsche's work was "an emendation of that of Schopenhauer. [84] He subsequently transcribed and proofread the galleys for almost all of Nietzsche's work. [108] Nietzsche's reception and recognition enjoyed their first surge. Nietzsche first proposed the idea of eternal return in a parable in Section 341 of The Gay Science, and also in the chapter "Of the Vision and the Riddle" in Thus Spoke Zarathustra, among other places. [258][259] Nietzsche called Dostoyevsky "the only psychologist from whom I have anything to learn. These four later appeared in a collected edition under the title Untimely Meditations. To be "bad" was to be like the slaves over whom the aristocracy ruled: poor, weak, sick, pathetic—objects of pity or disgust rather than hatred. "[245] The pre-Socratic thinker Heraclitus was known for rejecting the concept of being as a constant and eternal principle of the universe and embracing "flux" and incessant change. "[189], A long-standing assumption about Nietzsche is that he preferred master over slave morality. Year: 2014. Modern Europe and Christianity exist in a hypocritical state due to a tension between master and slave morality, both contradictory values determining, to varying degrees, the values of most Europeans (who are "motley"). Life turns away from itself as there is nothing of value to be found in the world. Nietzsche saw slave morality as pessimistic and fearful, its values emerging to improve the self-perception of slaves. Krell, David Farrell, and Donald L. Bates. The last man is possible only by mankind's having bred an apathetic creature who has no great passion or commitment, who is unable to dream, who merely earns his living and keeps warm. The "good man" of master morality is precisely the "evil man" of slave morality, while the "bad man" is recast as the "good man". [276], W.B. [170] Stimulated by this state, a person's artistic will is enhanced: In this state one enriches everything out of one's own fullness: whatever one sees, whatever wills is seen swelled, taut, strong, overloaded with strength. Nietzsche soon fell into a period of mental anguish, although he continued to write to Rée, stating "We shall see one another from time to time, won't we? After contracting pneumonia in mid-August 1900, he had another stroke during the night of 24–25 August and died at about noon on 25 August. The Russian painter Lena Hades created the oil painting cycle Also Sprach Zarathustra dedicated to the book Thus Spoke Zarathustra. [224] As Heidegger pointed out in his lectures on Nietzsche, Nietzsche's first mention of eternal recurrence presents this concept as a hypothetical question rather than stating it as fact. He was only 24 years old and had neither completed his doctorate nor received a teaching certificate ("habilitation"). [238] Thus, he broke with his editor in 1886 because of his opposition to his editor's anti-Semitic stances, and his rupture with Richard Wagner, expressed in The Case of Wagner and Nietzsche contra Wagner, both of which he wrote in 1888, had much to do with Wagner's endorsement of pan-Germanism and anti-Semitism—and also of his rallying to Christianity. Pages: 166. [citation needed], Nietzsche was an early influence on the poetry of Rainer Maria Rilke. (Daybreak, 14) The diagnosis of syphilis has since been challenged and a diagnosis of "manic-depressive illness with periodic psychosis followed by vascular dementia" was put forward by Cybulska prior to Schain's study. He was regarded as one of the finest riders among his fellow recruits, and his officers predicted that he would soon reach the rank of captain. It was used to overcome the slave's sense of inferiority before their (better-off) masters. according to the circumstances of individual perspectives. [221], "Eternal return" (also known as "eternal recurrence") is a hypothetical concept that posits that the universe has been recurring, and will continue to recur, for an infinite number of times across infinite time or space. [187], Nietzsche saw slave morality as a source of the nihilism that has overtaken Europe. "The Struggle with the Daemon" is a brilliant analysis of the European psyche by the great novelist and biographer Stefan Zweig. [March 1887] 1921. Studirao je klasičnu filologiju i kratko vreme radio kao profesor u Bazelu, ali je morao da se povuče zbog bolesti. [202], Nietzsche felt that modern antisemitism was "despicable" and contrary to European ideals. In constructing a world where objective knowledge is possible, Christianity is an antidote to a primal form of nihilism—the despair of meaninglessness. [51] Nietzsche's parents, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche (1813–1849), a Lutheran pastor and former teacher; and Franziska Nietzsche (née Oehler) (1826–1897), married in 1843, the year before their son's birth. Frenzy acts as intoxication and is crucial for the physiological condition that enables the creation of any art. "[96] He then printed Beyond Good and Evil at his own expense. [107], On 6 January 1889, Burckhardt showed the letter he had received from Nietzsche to Overbeck. Media vita in morte sumus (Latin for "In the midst of life we are in death") is the first line of a Gregorian chant, written in the form of a response, and known as "Antiphona pro Peccatis" or "de Morte". Ausgewählte Korrespondenz. Values involve a rank-ordering of things, and so are inseparable from approval and disapproval, yet it was dissatisfaction that prompted men to seek refuge in other-worldliness and embrace other-worldly values. [148] Reflecting on unrequited love, Nietzsche considered that "indispensable ... to the lover is his unrequited love, which he would at no price relinquish for a state of indifference. Although Nietzsche had previously announced at the end of On the Genealogy of Morality a new work with the title The Will to Power: Attempt at a Revaluation of All Values, he seems to have abandoned this idea and, instead, used some of the draft passages to compose Twilight of the Idols and The Antichrist in 1888.[100]. [288] Wallace Stevens[289] was another reader of Nietzsche, and elements of Nietzsche's philosophy were found throughout Stevens's poetry collection Harmonium. The following day, Overbeck received a similar letter and decided that Nietzsche's friends had to bring him back to Basel. [26 August 1883] 1921. [97][98] Through correspondence, Nietzsche's relationship with Elisabeth continued through cycles of conflict and reconciliation, but they met again only after his collapse. "[139], Nietzsche never married. Additionally, he became acquainted with Ernst Ortlepp, an eccentric, blasphemous, and often drunken poet who was found dead in a ditch weeks after meeting the young Nietzsche but who may have introduced Nietzsche to the music and writing of Richard Wagner. In responding most enthusiastically to Also Sprach Zarathustra ('Thus Spoke Zarathustra'), Gast did feel it necessary to point out that what were described as "superfluous" people were in fact quite necessary. [325] Sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies read Nietzsche avidly from his early life, and later frequently discussed many of his concepts in his own works. [43] Prominent elements of his philosophy include his radical critique of truth in favor of perspectivism; a genealogical critique of religion and Christian morality and related theory of master–slave morality;[36][44][i] the aesthetic affirmation of existence in response to the "death of God" and the profound crisis of nihilism;[36] the notion of Apollonian and Dionysian forces; and a characterization of the human subject as the expression of competing wills, collectively understood as the will to power. "I am a pure-blooded Polish nobleman, without a single drop of bad blood, certainly not German blood. Elisabeth employed Steiner as a tutor to help her to understand her brother's philosophy. [200] He indicated his desire to bring about a new, more naturalistic source of value in the vital impulses of life itself. "[124], Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche compiled The Will to Power from Nietzsche's unpublished notebooks and published it posthumously. At the beginning of 1888, Brandes delivered in Copenhagen one of the first lectures on Nietzsche's philosophy. The essays shared the orientation of a cultural critique, challenging the developing German culture suggested by Schopenhauer and Wagner. I am proud of my Polish descent. Italiano; English; One of the keys to understanding the relationship between state and anarchy in Nietzsche’s thought is the antagonism between Apollo and Dionysus highlighted by the German philosopher in many passages of his early works, such as the Birth of Tragedy. Please login to your account first; Need help? "Letter to Heinrich von Stein, December 1882,", "Letter to Georg Brandes, 10 April 1888,", sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFLampert1986 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFNietzsche1888c (. He became acquainted with the work of the then almost-unknown poet Friedrich Hölderlin, calling him "my favorite poet" and composing an essay in which he said that the mad poet raised consciousness to "the most sublime ideality". [138] Nietzsche wrote in 1888, "My ancestors were Polish noblemen (Nietzky); the type seems to have been well preserved despite three generations of German mothers. 2004. In 1886, Nietzsche broke with his publisher Ernst Schmeitzner, disgusted by his antisemitic opinions. [131] His birthplace, Röcken, is in the modern German state of Saxony-Anhalt. This letter contains the following statement: Hence the ways of men part: if you wish to strive for peace of soul and pleasure, then believe; if you wish to be a devotee of truth, then inquire....[64]. Nietzsche argued that the idea of equality allowed slaves to overcome their own conditions without despising themselves. [336] In Memories, Dreams, Reflections, a biography transcribed by his secretary, he cites Nietzsche as a large influence. "Nietzsche and Jung: The whole self in the union of opposites" (London and New York: Routledge, 2004), Magnus and Higgins, "Nietzsche's works and their themes", in, O'Flaherty, James C., Sellner, Timothy F., Helm, Robert M., "Studies in Nietzsche and the Classical Tradition" (, O'Flaherty, James C., Sellner, Timothy F., Helm, Robert M., "Studies in Nietzsche and the Judaeo-Christian Tradition" (University of North Carolina Press) 1985. J.N. The file will be sent to your email address. [89] Oltre l'abisso. Nagsurat hiya hin … This having to transform into perfection is—art. Humanity still has no goal." According to a letter he wrote to Peter Gast, this was due to his "attitude towards Christianity and the concept of God".[95]. [54] He studied there from 1858 to 1864, becoming friends with Paul Deussen and Carl von Gersdorff. He also found time to work on poems and musical compositions. "Friedrich Nietzsches Heimatlosigkeit. With the publication in 1878 of Human, All Too Human (a book of aphorisms ranging from metaphysics to morality to religion), a new style of Nietzsche's work became clear, highly influenced by Afrikan Spir's Thought and Reality[82] and reacting against the pessimistic philosophy of Wagner and Schopenhauer. [139] Oehler claims that Nietzsche came from a long line of German Lutheran clergymen on both sides of his family, and modern scholars regard the claim of Nietzsche's Polish ancestry as "pure invention. Overbeck traveled to Turin and brought Nietzsche to a psychiatric clinic in Basel. [256] Hippolyte Taine influenced Nietzsche's view on Rousseau and Napoleon. of 'The Gay Science', Meyer-Sickendiek, Burkhard. [335] Carl Jung was also influenced by Nietzsche. Max Weber and Martin Heidegger absorbed it and made it their own. In questa lezione affrontiamo la filosofia di Nietzsche. [297][298] Hermann Hesse, similarly, in his Narcissus and Goldmund presents two main characters as opposite yet intertwined Apollonian and Dionysian spirits. Nietzsche stood at the beginning of his most productive period. Huskinson, Lucy. Nietzsche has influenced philosophers such as Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre,[326] Oswald Spengler,[327] George Grant,[328] Emil Cioran,[329] Albert Camus, Ayn Rand,[330] Jacques Derrida,[citation needed], Sarah Kofman,[331] Leo Strauss,[332] Max Scheler, Michel Foucault, Bernard Williams,[citation needed] and Nick Land. It is a consequence of overcoming hurdles to one's actions and the fulfillment of the will. A nihilist is a man who judges that the real world ought not to be and that the world as it ought to do not exist. ", Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche, Nietzsche's ideas were commonly associated with anarchist movements, Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Homer_and_Classical_Philology, "Shakespeare Contra Nietzsche by Andrew Lanham", "Der Philosoph Philipp Mainländer entdeckt das Nirwanaprinzip: Die Welt als Gottes Selbstmordprojekt", "Féré et Nietzsche : au sujet de la décadence", 'Madness' of Nietzsche was cancer not syphilis, Metaphors in and for the Sociology of Religion: Towards a Theory after Nietzsche, The Duality of Nietzsche's Theory of the Will to Power: The Psychological and Cosmological Aspects, "100 years after death, Nietzsche's popularity keeps growing", "Nietzsche's aesthetic critique of Darwin", "Ernst Schmeitzner (1851–1895). It is a purely physical concept, involving no supernatural reincarnation, but the return of beings in the same bodies. Auden who wrote of Nietzsche in his New Year Letter (released in 1941 in The Double Man): "O masterly debunker of our liberal fallacies ... all your life you stormed, like your English forerunner Blake. [109] In January 1889, they proceeded with the planned release of Twilight of the Idols, by that time already printed and bound. However, Nietzsche referred to Kant as a "moral fanatic", Plato as "boring", Mill as a "blockhead", and of Spinoza, he said: "How much of personal timidity and vulnerability does this masquerade of a sickly recluse betray? Nietzsche. 13. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNietzsche1887 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFNietzsche1888b (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFNietzsche1961 (, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Beginning with Human, All Too Human in 1878, Nietzsche published one book or major section of a book each year until 1888, his last year of writing; that year, he completed five. Zarathustra contrasts the overman with the last man of egalitarian modernity (the most obvious example being democracy), an alternative goal humanity might set for itself. I have had Caiaphas put in fetters. [333] Camus described Nietzsche as "the only artist to have derived the extreme consequences of an aesthetics of the absurd". Pp. Although Nietzsche has famously been misrepresented as a predecessor to Nazism, he criticized anti-Semitism, pan-Germanism and, to a lesser extent, nationalism. ", Nietzsche, Friedrich. Here Foucault referenced Nietzsche's description of the birth and death of tragedy and his explanation that the subsequent tragedy of the Western world was the refusal of the tragic and, with that, refusal of the sacred. After one semester (and to the anger of his mother), he stopped his theological studies and lost his faith. A man in this state transforms things until they mirror his power—until they are reflections of his perfection. In the end, a past student of his, Heinrich Köselitz or Peter Gast, became a private secretary to Nietzsche. Una delle domande che ci si è posti nella storia della critica a Nietzsche è la considerazione su qual è il "vero" Nietzsche ovvero quale fosse il suo reale intento e cosa volesse comunicare nelle sue opere ovvero quanto di ciò che ha lasciato è filtrabile in maniera lucida separandolo dalla parabola discendente della sua malattia mentale. In his short time in the military, he experienced much and witnessed the traumatic effects of battle. In 1873, Nietzsche began to accumulate notes that would be posthumously published as Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks. Send-to-Kindle or Email . trova il saggio di W. Hannis, Le trac ce di Nietzsche nell’op era di Weber (pp. "[144] Colli and Montinari, the editors of Nietzsche's assembled letters, gloss Nietzsche's claims as a "mistaken belief" and "without foundation. "[145][146] The name Nietzsche itself is not a Polish name, but an exceptionally common one throughout central Germany, in this and cognate forms (such as Nitsche and Nitzke). During this time in the circle of the Wagners, he met Malwida von Meysenbug and Hans von Bülow. After his death, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche became the curator and editor of her brother's manuscripts. J.L. He argued that this fusion has not been achieved since the ancient Greek tragedians. [338]:195, "Nietzsche" redirects here. [120] Poisoning by mercury, a treatment for syphilis at the time of Nietzsche's death,[121] has also been suggested. ", The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Kasper Niesiecki, Herbarz Polski, wyd. După «Nietzsche-Lexicon» editat de Prof. Cristian Niemeyer (2009), cu participarea a 150 de cercetători specialiști în filozofia lui Nietzsche, sora sa, Elisabeth Forster a măsluit masiv și sistematic opera marelui filosof. Friedrich Nietzsche, Complete Works Vol. The overman does not follow the morality of common people since that favors mediocrity but rises above the notion of good and evil and above the "herd". While at Basel, Nietzsche lectured on pre-Platonic philosophers for several years, and the text of this lecture series has been characterized as a "lost link" in the development of his thought. Nietzsche had already met Richard Wagner in Leipzig in 1868 and later Wagner's wife, Cosima. By denying the inherent inequality of people—in success, strength, beauty, and intelligence—slaves acquired a method of escape, namely by generating new values on the basis of rejecting master morality, which frustrated them. "Nietzsche and the Philology of the Future" (Stanford University Press, 2000). [85] Gast was one of the very few friends Nietzsche allowed to criticize him. Nietzsche admired both greatly and during his time at Basel frequently visited Wagner's house in Tribschen in Lucerne. Scientific developments and the increasing secularization of Europe had effectively 'killed' the Abrahamic God, who had served as the basis for meaning and value in the West for more than a thousand years. His health improved and he spent the summer in high spirits. The Apollonian and Dionysian is a two-fold philosophical concept, based on features of ancient Greek mythology: Apollo and Dionysus.

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